ITN Chapter 3 Quiz Online

When all devices need to receive the same message simultaneously, the message would be delivered as a broadcast. Unicast delivery occurs when one source host sends a message to one destination host. The sending of the same message from a host to a group of destination hosts is multicast delivery. Duplex communications refers to the ability of the medium to carry messages in both directions.

The TCP/IP model consists of four layers: application, transport, internet, and network access. The internet layer determines the best path through the network.

Physical addresses are encapsulated at the data link layer. Logical addresses, also known as IP addresses, are encapsulated at the network layer. Port addresses are encapsulated at the transport layer. No addresses are encapsulated at the physical layer.

A default gateway is only required to communicate with devices on another network. The absence of a default gateway does not affect connectivity between devices on the same local network.

The protocols used in network communications define the details of how a message is transmitted, including requirements for message delivery options, message timing, message encoding, formatting and encapsulation, and message size.

The term protocol data unit (PDU) is used to describe a piece of data at any layer of a networking model. A packet is the PDU at the network layer. A frame is the data link layer PDU. A segment is the PDU at the transport layer.

Protocols provide rules that define how a message is transmitted across a network. Implementation requirements such as electronic and bandwidth details for data communication are specified by standards. Operating systems are not specified by protocols, but will implement protocols. Protocols determine how and when to send a message but they do not control the contents of a message.

The OSI model consists of seven layers: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical. The transport layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.

Open standard protocols facilitate interoperability between software and hardware made by different manufactures. For example, open standards allow a client with a Linux operating system to connect to a server running a Microsoft Windows operating system. They would also be able to successfully exchange data. If all software, hardware, and protocols were proprietary, this would not be possible.

The destination IP address is used for end-to-end delivery of data to a remote network. The destination MAC address is used for delivery on a local network. The destination port number identifies the application that should process the data at the destination. Source addresses identify the sender of the data.

The MAC address is also known as the physical or Ethernet address. Because it is encoded on hardware, on the Ethernet NIC, it will stay the same no matter where the NIC is geographically located.

TCP/IP is a protocol stack that contains a lot of other protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and DNS. The TCP/IP protocol stack is required to be used when communicating on the Internet. A MAC address is an address that is burned into an Ethernet network card. OSI is the 7 layer model that is used to explain how networking works.

If a device is sending frames to another device on the same local network, it uses ARP to determine the MAC address of the receiving device. The sending device then uses the Layer 2 addresses to send the frames.

A communication from a single source to a single destination is called a unicast. A communication from a single source to a group of destinations is called a multicast. A communication from a single source to all destinations on the same local network is called a broadcast.